Women are more than half the population. They vote in larger numbers than men, and they are well organized. They have been able to defy convention and custom, changing laws from suffrage to Title IX. Why have they not been able to elect a woman president? The panel will offer historical and psychological insights to better understand the complexities and pressures of custom, class, and race, and of conditioning, threats, and fears that underlay women’s attitudes to other women and political leadership.